I mean from the state. I know that this is true for some European countries like Germany, but what about Canada?

Please do not quote me on this but I had a friend that was from Quebec and they received so much for a child. I cannot remember how much and it was a few years ago so I cannot say for sure. A monthly family allowance cheque is issued depending on your income from all provincial governments as well.

Yes you do, but it's not tax deductible. So, don't spend it all.